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1、如何学围棋？

围棋起源于中国，中国古代称为“弈”，距今已有4000多年的历史。围棋使用矩形格状棋盘及黑白二色圆形棋子进行对弈，棋子必须走在空格非禁着点的交叉点上，双方交替行棋，落子后不能移动或悔棋，以目数多者为胜。

围棋组成

棋盘

围棋盘是方形的，由纵横各19条线组成。19╳19形成了361个交叉点。上有九个星，最中间的称“天元”，“元”是第一的意思，“天元”意为天空最高点。

棋子

围棋的棋子分为黑白两色，黑子181枚，白子180枚，黑白子加起来是361枚，恰好和棋盘的点数相同。

围棋规则

对局双方各执一色棋子，空枰开局，黑先白后，交替着一子于棋盘的点上。棋子下定后，不再向其他点移动。轮流下子是双方的权利，但允许任何一方放弃下子权而使用虚着。

一个棋子在棋盘上，与它直线紧邻的空点是这个棋子的“气“”。直线紧邻的点上如果有同色棋子存在，这些棋子就相互连接成一个不可分割的整体。直线紧邻的点上如果有异色棋子存在，此处的气便不存在。棋子如失去所有的气，就不能在棋盘上存在。

把无气之子清理出棋盘的手段叫提子。提子有二种：下子后，对方棋子无气，应立即提取对方无气之子。下子后，双方棋子都呈无气状态，应立即提取对方无气之子。

棋盘上的任何一点,如某方下子后，该子立即呈无气状态，同时又不能提取对方的棋子。这个点叫做“禁着点”。

棋局下到双方一致确认着子完毕时，为终局。对局中有一方中途认输时，为终局。双方连续使用虚着，为终局。

终局时，经双方确认，不能被提取的棋都是活棋。终局时，经双方确认，能被提取的棋都是死棋。

围棋术语

围棋术语是在围棋中用来表达某些特定概念和词语的称谓，它囊括了围棋的专用名词、理论知识以及竞赛规则和对局经验的许多内容，既是中国围棋文化千百年来不断发展的产物，也是人们学习围棋应该掌握的基本常识。

基本概念

气

在棋盘上，棋子与它直线紧紧相邻的空交叉点，就是这个棋子的“气”。单独一个棋子的气数不超过四气，但两个或两个以上相连的棋子则可以有四气以上。棋子若失去所有的气，就成为死棋，不能在棋盘上存在。

目

棋盘上，被一方棋子所围地域的空交叉点，称之为“目”。一个交叉点即是1目，目的数量称为“目数”。

空

用棋子围成的地域。

地

（1）即地域或空。指已为某方占有的地区。

（2）形势判断用语。如“黑地六十目”，即指黑方可望在全局围有六十目的地域。

（3）指占有子和“空”的总和。即棋子围有的全部交叉点。

所包围的目数和活棋本身之总和，称为“地”。

提子

将对方无气的棋子从棋盘上取下，称为“提子”。

**

双方可以轮流提取对方棋子的情况。围棋规则规定，**时，被提取的一方不能直接提回，必须在其他地方找劫材使对方应一手之后方可提回。

真眼

由几个连接在一起的棋子围住一个或两个空交叉点，则称该点为真眼，简称“眼”。

假眼

由几个没有完全连接的棋子围成了眼的形状，称为“假眼”。在一定条件下，围成假眼的棋子会被对方吃掉。

活棋

棋盘上凡是对方无法提取的棋即是活棋。活棋通常要具备两只真眼。

死棋

棋盘上迟早能被对方提取的棋，即为死棋。死棋不具有两只真眼。

双活

双方互围的棋子均无两只真眼，但又不能制杀对方时即为“双活”，也称“公活”。

禁着点

棋盘任一点，一方下子后，该棋子即呈无气状态，同时又不能提取对方的棋子，这个点就称为该方的“禁着点”。一方不能下子的禁着点，对方可以下子。

布局

布局是一盘棋的先导，也是双方进行阵容部署、各自抢占要点，为双方接触作战作准备的阶段。

定式

是指布局阶段双方在角部的争夺中，按照一定的行棋次序，选择比较合理的着法，最终形成双方大体安定、利益大体均等的棋本棋形。定式的种类有星定式、小目定式、三三定式、目外定式、高目定式等。

中盘

指双方在布局之后从短兵相接开始进行的全局性作战阶段。

收官

中盘作战基本结束，双方所占地域已经大致确定，进而使双方属地完全明确的一系列着法。

星

在棋盘坐标4·四的位置和棋盘正中央标有九个小圆点，术语称为“星”。这九颗星，将棋盘大致划分为左上角、右上角、左下角、右下角、上边、下边、左边、右边和中腹九个区域。

角

指棋盘四个角部星位内侧的区域。

边

指棋盘四个边星两侧的区域。

天元

棋盘正中央的一颗星称作“天元”。

小目

棋盘坐标3·四位置称作“小目”。

高目

棋盘坐标4·五的位置称作“高目”。

目外

棋盘坐标3·五的位置称作“目外”。

三三

棋盘坐标3·三的位置称为“三三”。

急所

指对局时，急需抢占的要点之处，无固定位置。

大场

指布局时，棋盘上下子后能够开拆或分投之处。

天王山

"天王山"一词是指在布局阶段，双方大势力的消涨要点，表示盘面中双方都应抢占的重要的位置。

俗称

挂

布局时在一方有一子占据角部时，另一方在其附近间隔一路或二路的位置行棋，称作“挂”。在三线行棋，称为低挂，在四线行棋，称为高挂。根据双方棋子的相对位置，又可分为一间高挂、二间高挂、一间低挂、二间低挂和小飞挂、大飞挂等。挂的目的在于破坏或侵占对方所占的角部。

缔

也称为“缔角”或“守角”。指在己方原有小目、高目或目外一子的基础上，再下一着棋，使己方两个子相互配合守角的着法。缔角既有利于围占角地，又可进一步控制和开拓边上的大场，是布局阶段常采用的着法。

长

双方棋子紧贴着向同一方向行棋，先行的一方，棋子会始终高出对方一头。长的着法能将己方的棋子连接成一个整体，这样可以延长棋子的气，既可以防止对方的攻击，又便于伺机攻击对方。

立

紧靠着己方原有的棋子，竖着向边线方向下一子的着法。通常多指在二线或三线的行棋。

尖

在原有棋子的斜线上下一子。由于尖的步子较小，也称其为“小尖”。在实战中，尖是一种攻守兼备的下法，既能够保持两子间的连络，又能够出头，控制行棋的方向。

飞

从原有棋子出发，向棋盘“日”字形的对角上下一子，叫小飞。若下在“目”字形的对角上，就叫做大飞。飞还有一种形式，叫做象步飞。与象棋的象步走法相同。

压

在己方有子力配合的情况下，将棋下在对方棋子的上面，其主要作用是压制对方，扩张自己的外势、使己方的棋更加厚实，强大。压的着法往往还有声东击西的作用。

拆

从原有棋子的同一横线上，向左或向右有间隔地下一子。如果间隔一路，称为“拆一”，若是间隔二路，则称“拆二”，其余类推。

挡

在双方棋子相互接触时，直接阻拦对方侵入己方地域或阻止对方被围的棋子向外冲出的着法。

碰

在无己方棋子接应时，紧靠着对方的棋子旁边下一子，称为碰。通常是用于试探对方怎样应对，追求变化的一种手段。

靠

在有己方棋子作策应的情况下，紧贴对方棋子旁边下一子。

搭

在己方棋子与对方棋子间隔一路的情况下，紧贴对方棋子的两侧下一子的着法。也称作“搭靠”。

接

将可能被对方分断的棋子连接成一体的着法。

粘

（zhān）指将被对方“打吃”的棋子与己方的其它棋子连接成一个整体的着法。

挖

在对方相隔一路的棋子中间下一子的着法。这种着法通常用在能够分断对方棋子，并能有效地攻击对方的场合下。

夹

将对方棋子夹在我方两子中间的着法。

滚

也称滚打。指由己方先弃一、二子，然后把敌子打吃成凝聚形状的着法过程。

打

也称打吃。在对方棋子只有两口气时，再下一子，使其仅剩一口气的状态。

双打

下一子同时打吃对方两边的棋子，形成两者必得其一的着法。

提

下一子，使对方的棋子立即呈现无气被吃状态，随即把被吃的死棋从棋盘上提取掉。

征

也称做“征子”，是围棋中吃棋子的一种方法，俗称“拐羊头”。被“征吃”一方的棋子因只有一口气，如若没有己方棋子接应，即使立即逃出，对方可按预定的行棋次序继续紧气追杀，最终会将其全部吃掉。

卡

（qiǎ）在对方棋形的要害处下一子，使其立即呈现某种缺陷的有效着法。

掖

紧挨着对方成“尖”形的两个子旁边下一子，具有约束对方棋形或使对方棋形出现断点或缺陷的着法。

曲

将棋背向对方的棋子走成弯曲的形状，称为“曲”。

玉柱

在角部或边上原有一子的基础上再下立一子的着法。用于加强己方的形势或稳固己方地域。

尖顶

紧靠对方的棋子下一子，在使己方棋子成“尖”形的同时，起到顶撞对方棋子的作用。

鼻顶

在对方棋形正前方顶住对方若干棋子的着法。

连

下一子，将两处分开的棋子若即若离地取得联络，以保证大块棋子安全的着法。连的常用着法有跳、关、拆、小飞、大飞、大跳等。

基本杀法

中局战略

对对方的弱棋，特别是失去很据与其已成活的棋子没有联络的孤棋进行攻击，是中盘战中争取主动的重要手段。

遇到对方出现孤棋，一定抓住机会进行攻击，争取吃掉对方以获取对局中的最大效率。这样往往会引起激烈的战斗，要经常审视围杀中自己出现的问题，否则非但歼敌不成反会断送自己。在攻击中完全歼灭对方一片棋的情况是不多的，多是通过攻击获得其他好处，其中之一即是扩展自己的领地，巩固己之本来不稳固的领地，也通过攻孤棋来达到目的。通过连续攻击压迫敌棋边角，也加强自己的外势，但要分析、计算好，在什么形势下有利,什么形势下不利。

从发展来看，治理孤棋首先考虑的是向中央出头。不能出头，被封住往往是吃亏的，除非逃不出时才行此下策。

当遇到攻击，无法向中央出头时，有机会、有条件时可以联络到自己另一块棋上去。

如出头和渡过均不可能时只得就地求活，如单独活不成，则争取双活，如果双活亦不成时，应停止这一带的活动，停止得越早越好。

缩小眼

从周围挤压对方的棋的生存空间，使它不能有做成两只真眼的空间。

点中心点

对方有一个中心点是做眼的要点，一旦被对手抢先，就能做出两个或两个以上的真眼。比如直三、弯三、刀把五、梅花六，这些棋形的中心点就是杀棋的要点。

**杀

在不能净杀的情况下，可以通过**来杀死对方，职业棋手往往擅长利用劫争一举获得优势。所以有时双方棋形的厚薄，劫材的多少，也是一盘棋的胜负关键，往往多一枚劫材就决定了大盘的胜负。

胀死牛

将对方点眼的棋子的外气全部紧完，在对方虎口里走一子，然后打吃对方，使对方不能连，将其胀死，称为“胀死牛”。

布局常识

布局指围棋的开局走法，一般在几手到几十手的范围内。局棋的进行一般由布局、中盘、官子三个阶段构成，布局作为一局棋的初始阶段，奠定了整个棋局的骨架与脉络。对局双方各自抢占棋盘上的空地，同时尽量阻止对方占地，由此导入中盘战斗。围棋有谚语“金龟银边莫肚皮”即以国突效率而言魚上最高、中腹最差。

围棋基本布局

三连星

即在边上星位连下三颗子，这一布局极易成大模样。对于另一方来说，必须有“钻地道"和"拆天桥”的能力，否则必败无疑。由于三个子都处在第四线上，故这种布局的侧重点不是占角，而是向中央发展。三连星的用意在于取势或构成模样，中央是它的主要战场，这是三连星的特征。

二连星

较之三连星，二连星更为灵活多变，速度也快，并可视局部变化取地或取势，而不像三连星那样很容易就走上单一取势的道路。

中国流

它的外形与三连星相似，如果把它放平了看，有一种“桥”的感觉，因此在中国也叫做桥梁式布局。

相小目

黑1、3子占相邻的两个角，同以小目的四线一方指向白棋，称为“相小目”。其特点是把着眼点集中在一方。

星小目

黑1、3用星和小目占相邻两角，称为“星小目”

对战心态

修身养性，切忌浮躁

棋手实战时觉得局面都已占优，注意力不集中的情况下出现昏招，形势顿时翻盘。接下来绝大多数棋手会立即要求再来一盘以求“报仇”，但是接下来的对局心态已失去了平常心，于是连下连败以致一败涂地。

具备谋略心机

谋略是为创造有利条件而实行的全盘性行动的计划和策略，也就是创造致胜条件。这需要长期的对弈、总结、打谱的积累。

1、真正的进攻就要有收获，就要使局面朝着有利于自己的方向发展，这叫做攻有所获。

2、单纯的防守不好，具有反击的防守才真正具有威力，这叫做守中有攻。

3、在面对可能出现两种有利局面的时候，选择最大程度有利于自己取得胜利的局面。在面对可能出现两种不利局面的时候，选择最小程度不利于自己的局面。

4、寻找出进攻的机会和线路，熟练地运用各种技战术，使局面朝理想方向发展，这叫做捕捉战机。

5、中局作战过程中，要时常对当前局面有清醒地认识，该攻则攻，当守则守，进攻的线路，防守的要点，都在审局度势的范围之中。

6、多算胜，少算不胜。

工具推荐

书籍

1、《围棋入门一月通》邱百瑞·著

2、《围棋入门（修订版）》翟燕生，徐莹主编

3、《围棋入门（围棋自学速成宝典）》李烨·著

软件

星阵围棋

星阵围棋是行业内知名的AI围棋对弈平台，曾与世界围棋冠军柯洁对战,并多次获得世界围棋AI大赛冠军。目前星阵围棋已推出手机端软件、iPad软件,也可以使用电脑版。

弈城围棋

弈城围棋网成立于2026年，是老牌知名围棋平台，主要功能有：各大围棋赛事现场直播、职业棋手全程讲解、Al分析、LeelaMaster.LeelaZero、Elfgo、Minigo全程为棋迷提供对弈分析，查看实时胜率，Al复盘，随时邀请各国棋迷在线对弈。

忘忧围棋

忘忧围棋是一款专门针对手机用户而自主研发的人工智能人机对弈围棋游戏，拥有较强的棋力并附带近七万局名手对局棋谱，是世上最完善的棋谱库。同时忘忧围棋还提供围棋比赛直播功能，可以观看职业棋手比赛的现场直播。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋起源于中国，中国古代称为“弈”，距今已有4000多年的历史。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"围棋使用矩形格状棋盘及黑白二色圆形棋子进行对弈，棋子必须走在空格非禁着点的交叉点上，双方交替行棋，落子后不能移动或悔棋，以目数多者为胜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkKAsYYYAIQOCaOQVBu3e7f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋组成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn22yWEoSk2u0EARXnbuqdhe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋盘","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6is28QqW2cIigHbsXMrzff"},,"attrs":{"height":585,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"棋盘","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b84c3fb5cb444ece9**caea279d","width":587},"text":"","id":"doxcn0yq0aIgAAgu8s98rORsGIh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋盘是方形的，由纵横各19条线组成。19╳19形成了361个交叉点。上有九个星，最中间的称“天元”，“元”是第一的意思，“天元”意为天空最高点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnogcmeCOGCeiiKOD16az2nh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyua6cUyUsysWi4eOlOQZrd"},,"attrs":{"height":633,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"棋子","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f01e55bf9ee040feab709b","width":777},"text":"","id":"doxcneMEg8AqCyS8coJQUi56znh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋的棋子分为黑白两色，黑子181枚，白子180枚，黑白子加起来是361枚，恰好和棋盘的点数相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSIe06U4aaKSGGgBmDDrMLd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋规则","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsIa**mYcESQ4oVuCCSCffe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对局双方各执一色棋子，空枰开局，黑先白后，交替着一子于棋盘的点上。棋子下定后，不再向其他点移动。轮流下子是双方的权利，但允许任何一方放弃下子权而使用虚着。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyKSCsMAUiIgy0exb1eFT4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一个棋子在棋盘上，与它直线紧邻的空点是这个棋子的“气“”。直线紧邻的点上如果有同色棋子存在，这些棋子就相互连接成一个不可分割的整体。直线紧邻的点上如果有异色棋子存在，此处的气便不存在。棋子如失去所有的气，就不能在棋盘上存在。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6waWKMOUgGYUUZiV8Uz5Ng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"把无气之子清理出棋盘的手段叫提子。提子有二种：下子后，对方棋子无气，应立即提取对方无气之子。下子后，双方棋子都呈无气状态，应立即提取对方无气之子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8C2iaAyeAOO6WS**hU**lh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋盘上的任何一点,如某方下子后，该子立即呈无气状态，同时又不能提取对方的棋子。这个点叫做“禁着点”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKIosCiqW80kcQnYVC6K1Tb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋局下到双方一致确认着子完毕时，为终局。对局中有一方中途认输时，为终局。双方连续使用虚着，为终局。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsUiEmoGWwEwKaGiQY3mVqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"终局时，经双方确认，不能被提取的棋都是活棋。终局时，经双方确认，能被提取的棋都是死棋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWQ4ciUOumAUiiMuJDsS6yb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋术语","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu6A88eAIcI8cQvYVpTjk6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋术语是在围棋中用来表达某些特定概念和词语的称谓，它囊括了围棋的专用名词、理论知识以及竞赛规则和对局经验的许多内容，既是中国围棋文化千百年来不断发展的产物，也是人们学习围棋应该掌握的基本常识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmEaiCs2yS2yMwhGdUtBCDe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmCISIGY4YK4M87y1rhXExe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"气","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsE84yay6WUWAIYeAn5G0fb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在棋盘上，棋子与它直线紧紧相邻的空交叉点，就是这个棋子的“气”。单独一个棋子的气数不超过四气，但两个或两个以上相连的棋子则可以有四气以上。棋子若失去所有的气，就成为死棋，不能在棋盘上存在。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGiCoCis4ic6oAZhoM73WFf"},,"attrs":{"height":348,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fc2d4ef8756e48ca987a4fd073bd493c","width":617},"text":"","id":"doxcngA4OoKa6MWQ86mdwYYFUxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu4gQMaGWEOeg2n7xVfyhse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋盘上，被一方棋子所围地域的空交叉点，称之为“目”。一个交叉点即是1目，目的数量称为“目数”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUMkW264GEoOCWqeQo5vdKb"},,"attrs":{"height":322,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cb34ca3c2e62bf1aeeb5f","width":298},"text":"","id":"doxcnOGEmEMoWe6Ge2yL7OUxykb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"空","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWcSy06SQwYyeGERyFcbM0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用棋子围成的地域。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEC8Oca0oCSSYklbbtTCeKg"},,"attrs":{"height":304,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ce14fdef8ce7913e","width":842},"text":"","id":"doxcn8CQQ60cEcAIoewuGkdewVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"地","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwOgwmiewkG8wO8OqWPfxFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）即地域或空。指已为某方占有的地区。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnayGYsOaaASciY3bWiYfUpe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（2）形势判断用语。如“黑地六十目”，即指黑方可望在全局围有六十目的地域。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuO04YcqkkwMWiGYUWScyih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（3）指占有子和“空”的总和。即棋子围有的全部交叉点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno2QsE0686WycSm3s6h4kze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所包围的目数和活棋本身之总和，称为“地”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOqgoi6cWomAIkT6HS5dmHc"},,"attrs":{"height":402,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1b7f3874e83b43ce959fbf","width":684},"text":"","id":"doxcnYOo4O8iC0owO2L5AZzRp5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"提子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneyi4iGYkQ0YqOw9rerucrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将对方无气的棋子从棋盘上取下，称为“提子”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqCYeIi22Ge2WO67HeokUle"},,"attrs":{"height":635,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1e5fb754de295e22f46d2f3c6d2","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnCwYyIkACkSm62njquwFhJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"**","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEUGSI4UAmyIMmUmG3RsPrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"双方可以轮流提取对方棋子的情况。围棋规则规定，**时，被提取的一方不能直接提回，必须在其他地方找劫材使对方应一手之后方可提回。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0mUSCMwI2qyA6ZqBrzZOrc"},,"attrs":{"height":282,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2bd114a713e1461cf73df2399b8","width":301},"text":"","id":"doxcnq6MiKAogQywI8rP2YyURxf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"真眼","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYKoc6kiwA6MK8Tr55t1Hif"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由几个连接在一起的棋子围住一个或两个空交叉点，则称该点为真眼，简称“眼”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG6wyYi0oCK8yQH49BSvUbd"},,"attrs":{"height":208,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/90b77e25c3544fc592af66db30d3d271","width":208},"text":"","id":"doxcnwQ0E22sg84wAAjyLNKjnPc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"假眼","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSqsKuu4yg4oYeAYLlxAiqh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由几个没有完全连接的棋子围成了眼的形状，称为“假眼”。在一定条件下，围成假眼的棋子会被对方吃掉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqIIe2ys6yYSeg7OKNYXwue"},,"attrs":{"height":427,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b6bd82a27a3e47ac8751c3eac09e9359","width":822},"text":"","id":"doxcnaaCQsIicA8quQVvCZ5x3lh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"活棋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQUSuqoUQ06UYC2eZljwuuc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋盘上凡是对方无法提取的棋即是活棋。活棋通常要具备两只真眼。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkeQaog4K4kE0EJ8aD86Qle"},,"attrs":{"height":322,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1ab70c3f28d841d09018f70fc3f07a60","width":325},"text":"","id":"doxcnMWweA4MSYaEMw51bsfrqrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"死棋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoE6AmIMCwEYEwd085BgVgf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋盘上迟早能被对方提取的棋，即为死棋。死棋不具有两只真眼。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8kKwSs22uAccz0631jCApB"},,"attrs":{"height":194,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4317cbaac9b7cda3c**7f34ae0","width":209},"text":"","id":"doxcnoMYcK8aiqAMkIj6e1m3uff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"双活","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng4aIe48ECKQgyQgPbsEnyc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"双方互围的棋子均无两只真眼，但又不能制杀对方时即为“双活”，也称“公活”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuqeaWIkyau4q6Ygo5Eckyg"},,"attrs":{"height":432,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4e7282e652f24a9d9eb706cf6a7730f1","width":460},"text":"","id":"doxcnicsKU4qeuMaC8DPRklNhMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"禁着点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6Egm0SY4uWaSOCCAuWmKIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"棋盘任一点，一方下子后，该棋子即呈无气状态，同时又不能提取对方的棋子，这个点就称为该方的“禁着点”。一方不能下子的禁着点，对方可以下子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM2AQuQSUUOyaMHPJTslI4f"},,"attrs":{"height":284,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"基本概念","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c4fc4f759bf4118f","width":375},"text":"","id":"doxcncQWQucWm6Q8488m5ZOv6fb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"布局","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnysswmcsiIaUgWEJqSLdKfh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"布局是一盘棋的先导，也是双方进行阵容部署、各自抢占要点，为双方接触作战作准备的阶段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn00qScsCQO0aO08vvr34Oyd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"定式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWmkwkUAAugqSeCtTMCvMQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text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连接成一体的着法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSUcwYQ6QEUyIqUXj0wwtsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"粘","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsMwcC4I44euWm6GDdyFZdg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（zhān）指将被对方“打吃”的棋子与己方的其它棋子连接成一个整体的着法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8wkc804cOoi808FHVkakpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"挖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKS4OuOcCkq8kwz5vcJe5Qg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在对方相隔一路的棋子中间下一子的着法。这种着法通常用在能够分断对方棋子，并能有效地攻击对方的场合下。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsUMO0IK840ke0apq5owyog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"夹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKu4kyKAMCyeOmsGoiDhdhe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将对方棋子夹在我方两子中间的着法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsus2uqwgw0aco2sdjq3r8r"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"滚","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2ySEIku86Wm8KsMnrjdkgc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也称滚打。指由己方先弃一、二子，然后把敌子打吃成凝聚形状的着法过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnImuW8ueaCMY0iIFUbiklFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"打","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw0A0cQmMYoycwnFrjL42Mg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也称打吃。在对方棋子只有两口气时，再下一子，使其仅剩一口气的状态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneYuuYkUq4WmEgrZYhx0iPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"双打","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwkuaKEiyyOe4M572Vsf**c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下一子同时打吃对方两边的棋子，形成两者必得其一的着法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM60O00cSS4WoUP5HNEhG3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"提","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGCkY4gKgaIeGctzCRg9nSN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下一子，使对方的棋子立即呈现无气被吃状态，随即把被吃的死棋从棋盘上提取掉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneOU6g2yi6W44O8is0NSgvf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"征","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMA6m0Ac20YquMnfXBiLnXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也称做“征子”，是围棋中吃棋子的一种方法，俗称“拐羊头”。被“征吃”一方的棋子因只有一口气，如若没有己方棋子接应，即使立即逃出，对方可按预定的行棋次序继续紧气追杀，最终会将其全部吃掉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqkCOCwWqcmqqwlUoagV5Fc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"卡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCyKMQqMK2OAMuOxge47Fvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（qiǎ）在对方棋形的要害处下一子，使其立即呈现某种缺陷的有效着法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnECIEK4EeI4wKMrPxq7atwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"掖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2U2IAqEeGAgoMV6Fjr6nUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"紧挨着对方成“尖”形的两个子旁边下一子，具有约束对方棋形或使对方棋形出现断点或缺陷的着法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4gC8gESqO2SCK8XYfvvQAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"曲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMWa6WySQ46IcW8StRfPIwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将棋背向对方的棋子走成弯曲的形状，称为“曲”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne0C**UAo6eAuO1LTyeN3zr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"玉柱","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns4KqeYSkoGsQu0Lkegjivg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在角部或边上原有一子的基础上再下立一子的着法。用于加强己方的形势或稳固己方地域。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYMM2YygqEAyIWuQcxhoXPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"尖顶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2qWy0c2OSAgI2zz95LCP6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"紧靠对方的棋子下一子，在使己方棋子成“尖”形的同时，起到顶撞对方棋子的作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmgigi8YicAS4ucuugQHGle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"鼻顶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSKus6oMiMICWj2FUfKBbPO"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在对方棋形正前方顶住对方若干棋子的着法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUGgokGyYYIIIEFiatQuB5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"连","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIgGUGu8eWUc6c**x7WDzPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下一子，将两处分开的棋子若即若离地取得联络，以保证大块棋子安全的着法。连的常用着法有跳、关、拆、小飞、大飞、大跳等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIuYgWUiUAUcK4pbcS0CLTh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"基本杀法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny8OwQEKI6IGy8vLt8k63hh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中局战略","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0AOyYs0coSSE6LoNQxeYMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对对方的弱棋，特别是失去很据与其已成活的棋子没有联络的孤棋进行攻击，是中盘战中争取主动的重要手段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWmw6k6cMmIoGaa6npvpZ6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"遇到对方出现孤棋，一定抓住机会进行攻击，争取吃掉对方以获取对局中的最大效率。这样往往会引起激烈的战斗，要经常审视围杀中自己出现的问题，否则非但歼敌不成反会断送自己。在攻击中完全歼灭对方一片棋的情况是不多的，多是通过攻击获得其他好处，其中之一即是扩展自己的领地，巩固己之本来不稳固的领地，也通过攻孤棋来达到目的。通过连续攻击压迫敌棋边角，也加强自己的外势，但要分析、计算好，在什么形势下有利,什么形势下不利。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIsOG4wK2KyEuQ3zxUqbS8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从发展来看，治理孤棋首先考虑的是向中央出头。不能出头，被封住往往是吃亏的，除非逃不出时才行此下策。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEIwcAOM2cO6wucALeRD7Og"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当遇到攻击，无法向中央出头时，有机会、有条件时可以联络到自己另一块棋上去。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0ag8IAmE4eUQGCP5JeRkYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如出头和渡过均不可能时只得就地求活，如单独活不成，则争取双活，如果双活亦不成时，应停止这一带的活动，停止得越早越好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniISGEy4qwS4uGBg5Lg6Tob"},,"attrs":{"height":414,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中局战略","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fb416a5423e886c956d61c08bb8","width":685},"text":"","id":"doxcnYCICEWCqGG6CYt9QqBHBAd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"缩小眼","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyk8y**gGSs4C2HlEQk8qFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从周围挤压对方的棋的生存空间，使它不能有做成两只真眼的空间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngwu44G8kkgEyi21WKFtqXg"},,"attrs":{"height":407,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"缩小眼","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4db50b42ae1a4afe90a5fc57cdf","width":747},"text":"","id":"doxcngUGGcQaKieMwO2zBSJtBMd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"点中心点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQCAcmegQiW0UCejTephuxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对方有一个中心点是做眼的要点，一旦被对手抢先，就能做出两个或两个以上的真眼。比如直三、弯三、刀把五、梅花六，这些棋形的中心点就是杀棋的要点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngsQkMKUaIckWGOU6E2bnhc"},,"attrs":{"height":444,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"点中心点","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/324dcc252b194e1884eb0846","width":383},"text":"","id":"doxcnYuWcioQwGqGoiYLSRPE3ac"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"**杀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS0UUEuM6yEgI0nQaXLEAzy"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在不能净杀的情况下，可以通过**来杀死对方，职业棋手往往擅长利用劫争一举获得优势。所以有时双方棋形的厚薄，劫材的多少，也是一盘棋的胜负关键，往往多一枚劫材就决定了大盘的胜负。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMGmcK0maaQaaA3tL3gXRIb"},,"attrs":{"height":304,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"**杀","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f3a8afe070e64febaf2cc2ffe57cce73","width":319},"text":"","id":"doxcnUqqmeemwia0sN7kKYLatrH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"胀死牛","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOumUaoYIYOQq4GAZov7Ofb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将对方点眼的棋子的外气全部紧完，在对方虎口里走一子，然后打吃对方，使对方不能连，将其胀死，称为“胀死牛”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCKcMCsgci0mEOyCtKdDKAh"},,"attrs":{"height":491,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"胀死牛","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/664e00b0bce31f4","width":474},"text":"","id":"doxcn62iQCq62MOUYwrjJIBTGzf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"布局常识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneKUaiGss6AiAW8RvnzxmJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"布局指围棋的开局走法，一般在几手到几十手的范围内。局棋的进行一般由布局、中盘、官子三个阶段构成，布局作为一局棋的初始阶段，奠定了整个棋局的骨架与脉络。对局双方各自抢占棋盘上的空地，同时尽量阻止对方占地，由此导入中盘战斗。围棋有谚语“金龟银边莫肚皮”即以国突效率而言魚上最高、中腹最差。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuO4uMY4qsI4C6B1lNnN84c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"围棋基本布局","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncOesCUmmaKkmgXvTDlcmFg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"三连星","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMW6aCiAeayWw44RLYO0FHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"即在边上星位连下三颗子，这一布局极易成大模样。对于另一方来说，必须有“钻地道\"和\"拆天桥”的能力，否则必败无疑。由于三个子都处在第四线上，故这种布局的侧重点不是占角，而是向中央发展。三连星的用意在于取势或构成模样，中央是它的主要战场，这是三连星的特征。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2aOYq0k4Y68AyM1U6DKYoe"},,"attrs":{"height":496,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"三连星","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6b5d10c42ce64f8bbb0dff8d2e","width":530},"text":"","id":"doxcnSC2MiGak46eocnQEicDFuh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"二连星","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ4MgMqogI2GwgVGVqS2wsg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"较之三连星，二连星更为灵活多变，速度也快，并可视局部变化取地或取势，而不像三连星那样很容易就走上单一取势的道路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYiSyieaMQKsovJKOhesOgK"},,"attrs":{"height":537,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"二连星","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2736b0a4d22bd444b46a56b9194","width":561},"text":"","id":"doxcn8qASQ80YGysWyWChdgTJCf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国流","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneUWo2M806EEiqyLYO7E4zx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"它的外形与三连星相似，如果把它放平了看，有一种“桥”的感觉，因此在中国也叫做桥梁式布局。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUMmagius6WaIzgLUy2xymI"},,"attrs":{"height":584,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中国流","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bb8a68c8ffe9061c0f993d249a3","width":580},"text":"","id":"do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编程是编定程序的中文简称，就是让计算机代码解决某个问题，对某个计算体系规定一定的运算方式，使计算体系按照该计算方式运行，并最终得到相应结果的过程。编程能提高逻辑思维能力，加强计算能力。

编程语言

Python

Python是一种面向对象有着代码简洁、可读性强特点的解释型计算机程序设计语言。代码简洁是因为它把许多的复杂的操作封装起来，将C语言中麻烦的指针和内存管理对开发者隐藏起来，使得在开发过程中，无须在意这部分的细节。另外Python这门语言强制用户用缩进进行排版，若不好好排版，则代码编译无法通过，或者运行过程会出现错误。

C语言

C语言是一门面向过程的、抽象化的广泛应用于底层开发的通用程序设计语言，能以简易的方式编译和处理低级存储器。C语言既具有高级语言的特点，又具有汇编语言的特点，是仅产生少量机器语言以及不需要任何运行环境支持便能运行的高效率程序设计语言。

是有简洁的语言、具有结构化的控制语句、丰富的数据类型、丰富的运算符、可对物理地址进行直接操作、代码具有较好的可移植性、可生成高质量、目标代码执行效率高的程序。

Java

Java通过面向作为静态对象的编程语言的代表，可以充分的实现面向的对象理论的编程语言，有简单性、功能强大、分布式、健壮性、安全性、平**立与可移植性、多线程及动态性的特点。

Java支持在网络上应用，Java既支持各种层次的网络连接，又以Socket类支持可靠的流（stream）网络连接，它是分布式语言。所以用户可以产生分布式的客户机和服务器。网络变成软件应用的分布运载工具。Java程序只要编写一次，就可到处运行。

PHP

PHP是一种被广泛应用的开放源代码的多用途脚本语言，它可嵌入到HTML中，尤其适合web开发。

使用PHP的最大的好处是它对于初学者来说极其简单，同时也给专业的程序员提供了各种高级的特性，只需几个小时就可以自己写一些简单的脚本。尽管PHP的开发是以服务端脚本为目的，但事实上其功能远不局限于此。

GO

Go语言（又称Golang）是一种静态强类型、编译型语言，是一个开源编程环境，可以轻松构建简单、可靠和高效的软件。Go语言语法与C相近，但功能上有：内存安全，GC（垃圾回收），结构形态及CSP-style并发计算。Go内嵌了关联数组（也称为哈希表（Hashes）或字典（Dictionaries）），就像字符串类型一样。

对比

python和c语言的区别主要体现在：语言类型、内存管理、速度、应用、运行、对象、声明、测试和调试难度、复杂度、学习程度。测试和调试难度不同：Python相对其他语言而言是非常简单的语言，高度集成，代码量少。Python中的测试和调试更容易；C中测试和调试更难。学习难度不同：Python：Python程序更易于学习，编写和阅读；C语言：C程序语法比Python更难。

python跟java一样是强类型语言，也就是说它不会根据环境变化自动改变数据类型。python是动态语言，而java是静态语言。也就是说python在编程时，永远不用给任何变量指定数据类型，而java写程序时必须声明所有变量的数据类型。

python的模块类似于java的class，不过python模块导入会执行代码的内容，而java不会。python与java的执行方式还是蛮像的，都是将源码编译成bytecode然后交给相应的虚拟机去执行。

Python的框架数量较少，而PHP中成熟的框架比较多；PHP是面向web的语言，而Python是多用途语言，也可以用于web开发；Python使用非常严格的缩进强制执行，使它比PHP更具可读性。

学习思路

认识编程

编程语言（programminglanguage）又称程序设计语言，是一组用特定语言编写的用于执行特定任务的指令。主要用于开发桌面应用、操作系统、网站、移动应用等。

低级编程语言

它基于二进制数0和1工作，处理器直接运行低级程序，不需要编译器或解释器，因此用低级语言编写的程序可以运行得非常快。

低级语言进一步分为两部分

机器语言

机器语言也称为机器代码或目标代码，更容易阅读，因为它通常以二进制或十六进制形式（基数16）形式显示。

它不需要翻译器来转换程序，因为计算机直接理解机器语言程序。

汇编语言

汇编语言是为特定处理器设计的，它以象征性和人类可理解的形式表示一组指令。它使用汇编程序将汇编语言转换为机器语言。

中级编程语言

中级编程语言介于低级编程语言和高级编程语言之间。

它也被称为中间程序语言和伪语言。

中级编程语言的优点是支持高级编程的特性，是一种用户友好的语言，与机器语言和人类语言密切相关。

例如：C、C++

高级编程语言

高级编程语言(HLL)旨在开发用户友好的软件程序和网站。

这种编程语言需要编译器或解释器将程序翻译成机器语言（执行程序）。

示例：Python、Java、JavaScript、PHP、C#、C++等。

编程实践

学习编程语言的过程简单描述为：过、抄、仿、改、调、看、练、创、悟。

过

基础知识点不求深解，语言什么样的，适用场合、基本语法格式

抄代码

从书上抄、例子中抄、边抄边想边想边回忆语法

模仿改

仿照给出的代码写出自己的代码

勤调试

不断调试验证自己想法，继续思考，再次验证。熟悉调试工具调试方法

看n遍

出错或者遇到问题时，将代码从头到尾看n遍直到快记住，找出问题原因

练

2-5步三遍以上

创新

拿出一个没有写过的根据要求，一步一步写出来，写不出来参考6

悟

主动找到写代码的感觉和成就感，保持下去。

选择大于努力，只有切入一个适合自己的开发方向，才能持续进步。关于开发方向，我有以下两个选择标准。

兴趣

学习编程是一个非常枯燥的过程，内容多，时间长，成本高，即使报名了培训班也学不会，所以，我们首先要选择自己感兴趣的一个开发方向，这样不但能快速学习，以后还能持续进步。学习编程的过程是比较艰苦的，没有兴趣很难硬抗下来，此处的兴趣，是指别人无法撼动的热爱，是工作之余让你放松的事情。如果你只是有过某种想法，别人告诉你这个想法不靠谱，你就放弃了，这顶多是一时的鸡血。

学习方式

费曼学习法

在学完一个东西之后去给别人讲明白，注意是讲给别人听，当你写成文章发表在网上的时候，你自然会去用更通俗的语言，更清晰的逻辑去讲述这个事物背后的逻辑。这个过程是对自己学习的一个检验，也是加深映像整理思路的重要过程。

那么如果你是去记笔记的话，很有可能你会倾向于去照抄，或是不完全照抄，以“提纲”或是“知识点”的形式抄在本子上。说句实话，照抄的笔记真的没用，因为现在搜索引擎的能力已经可以让你把大多数东西快速找到，你为什么还要照抄到笔记本上呢？

从功利的角度考虑，技术文章的写作，别人可以直接访问，也可以逐渐累积你的影响力，一个好的个人技术博客，会给你的简历加分很多，而一个厚厚的笔记本，没有人会管你记了什么。

做好笔记

大多数人没有过目不忘的神技，学了也不一定马上掌握，需要过后花时间慢慢领悟，而且还有忘掉的风险，所以对于重要的知识点都要做好笔记。编程的过程中总会遇到各种各样的问题，比如编程环境的配置，常用的快捷键，编程过程中的错误、异常，软件更新问题等等。面对这些问题都是如何解决的，一定要记录下来，一是增加自己解决问题的经验，而是以防下次出现。

多看官方文档

外文资料互联网是一个更新迭代很快的行业，所有编程语言都会不断的更新新功能和修复旧Bug，网上查的资料很有可能是旧的解决方案，现在已经不适用了。所以最好最快的方法就是查看官方文档。

进入行业圈子

只有进入行业圈子与其他人交流，你才了解最新的行业动态，才知道自己需要更新哪些技能。

动手做项目

学习编程的最终目的就是用所学的做出具有一定功能的项目，而做项目又是最好的学习和巩固知识的方式。如果前期能力不足就先做一些简单的功能模块，一步一步慢慢来，不要一开始就要实现各种酷炫炸天功能，遇到不会的就在网上查，现在互联网这么发达，获取资源也及其方便。而且开发前也最好在网上查一下有没有已经成型的框架或模板，什么都自己做一是很耗费时间，二是自己技术能力不足还可能留下不少坑。

学习Python

安装编程环境

第一步：访问Python官网，获取最新安装程序。

第二步：运行下载的安装程序，注意勾选“AddPython3.7toPATH”,然后选择个性化安装，即“Customizeinstallation”。

第三步：确保“pip”被勾选上，之后安装各种库需要用到pip。

第四步：高级选项，需要的可以修改安装目录，通常没有需要修改的，直接点“Install”。

第五步：等待程序自动安装完成。

第六步：出现如下界面，说明安装已完成。

第七步：验证方法，Windows+R键打开“运行”窗口，输入cmd运行，进入命令提示窗口，再输入python，进入Python的命令模式，输入print("Hello")，结果输出了Hello，如下图所示，确定开发环境已安装完成。

运行环境

HelloWorld!

命令行

在Linux命令行输入：$python

将直接进入python。然后在命令行提示符>>>后面输入：>>>print('HelloWorld!')

可以看到，随后在屏幕上输出:

HelloWorld!

print是一个常用函数，其功能就是输出括号中得字符串。

（在Python2.x中，print还可以是一个关键字，可写成print'HelloWorld!'，但这在3.x中行不通）

小程序

另一个使用Python的方法，是写一个Python程序。用文本编辑器写一个.py结尾的文件，比如说hello.py

在hello.py中写入如下，并保存：print('HelloWorld!')

退出文本编辑器，然后在命令行输入：$pythonhello.py

来运行hello.py。可以看到Python随后输出HelloWorld!

脚本

我们还可以把Python程序hello.py改成一个可执行的脚本，直接执行：#!/usr/bin/envpython

print('HelloWorld!')

需要修改上面程序的权限为可执行：chmod755hello.py

然后再命令行中，输入./hello.py

就可以直接运行了。

基本数据类型

变量不声明

Python的变量不需要声明，你可以直接输入：>>>a=10

那么你的内存里就有了一个变量a，它的值是10，它的类型是integer(整数)。在此之前你不需要做什么特别的声明，而数据类型是Python自动决定的。

>>>print(a)

>>>print(type(a))

那么会有如下输出：

10

这里，我们学到一个内置函数type()，用以查询变量的类型。

回收变量名

如果你想让a存储不同的数据，你不需要删除原有变量就可以直接赋值。

>>>a=1.3

>>>print(a,type(a))

会有如下输出

1.3

序列

sequence（序列）是一组有顺序的元素的**，（严格的说，是对象的**，但鉴于我们还没有引入“对象”概念，暂时说元素）序列可以包含一个或多个元素，也可以没有任何元素。

我们之前所说的基本数据类型，都可以作为序列的元素。元素还可以是另一个序列，以及我们以后要介绍的其他对象。

序列有两种：tuple（定值表；也有翻译为元组）和list(表)

>>>s1=(2,1.3,'love',5.6,9,12,False)#s1是一个tuple

>>>s2=[True,5,'**ile']#s2是一个list

>>>print(s1,type(s1))

>>>print(s2,type(s2))

tuple和list的主要区别在于，一旦建立，tuple的各个元素不可再变更，而list的各个元素可以再变更。

一个序列作为另一个序列的元素

>>>s3=[1,[3,4,5]]

空序列

>>>s4=[]

自学

网站

菜鸟网站

这个python教程很适合小白学习，没有高深的原理，照着教程学就完事了。

菜鸟教程是一个提供免费编程学习的网站，里面不但能学到编程知识，还能运用在线编程工具，使你在学习的过程中得到发挥，实践得真理，边学边做中让基础打得更稳，让自己的知识更加稳固。在自己有不明白不理解的地方可以在网站的用户笔记中寻找大佬们的笔记，把自己所学和技术大佬的经验所融合，使自己更好地提升自己的能力。

菜鸟教程内容丰富，例如前端热门语言HTML5、CSS3、JavaScript、Vue等它该有的都有，都会从最基础的开始教，让刚学编程的小白由浅及深，一看就懂。每个知识点都有实例可以动手，直接在页面内做你想要的效果真的非常棒。菜鸟的排版简洁清晰有序，内容一针见血，让你一看就能明白其知识点的含义。

菜鸟教程不仅前端教程语言丰富，后端的Java、PHP、Python更是一应俱全，当然数据库、移动端、XML、ASP.NET、WebService、开发工具和网站建设也是应有尽有，菜鸟教程有学到的知识如此之多，奋斗吧少年。

廖雪峰的官方网站

廖雪峰的官方网站比较推荐新手程序员学习前端，这个网站的教学视频的讲解相对来说会比较生动，没有其他教程那么死板，看起来也不至于那么犯困，也更便于新手去理解。廖雪峰的官方网站作为一款启蒙类的前端学习网站还是相当不错的。

Python官方教程

这是Python官方出品的教程，可搭配Python标准库一起学。

书籍

《Python编程从入门到实践（第2版）》

作者：埃里克·马瑟斯（EricMatthes）袁国忠译

ISBN：81

出版：人民邮电出版社

本书是针对所有层次Python读者而作的Python门书。全书分两部分：部分介绍用Python编程所必须了解的基本概念，包括强大的Python库和工具，以及列表、字典、if语句、类、文件与异常、代码测试等内容；第二部分将理论付诸实践，讲解如何发三个项目，包括简单的2D游戏、利用数据生成交互式的信息图以及创建和定制简单的Web应用，并帮助读者解决常见编程问题和困惑。

《像计算机科学家一样学Python》

ISBN：15

作者：艾伦B.唐尼（AllenB.Downey）

出版：人民邮电出版社

本书以培养读者以计算机科学家一样的思维方式来理解Python语言编程。贯穿全书的主体是如何思考、设计、发的方法，而具体的编程语言，只是提供了一个具体场景方便介绍的媒介。全书共21章，详细介绍Python语言编程的方方面面。本书从基本的编程概念始讲起，包括语言的语法和语义，而且每个编程概念都有清晰的定义，引领读者循序渐地学习变量、表达式、语句、函数和数据结构。书中还探讨了如何处理文件和数据库，如何理解对象、方法和面向对象编程，如何使用调试技巧来修正语法错误、运行时错误和语义错误。

《计算机科学丛书：Java编程思想》

ISBN：26

作者：[美]BruceEckel

出版：机械工业出版社

本书的作者拥有多年教学经验，对C、C++以及Java语言都有独到、深入的见解，以通俗易懂及小而直接的示例解释了一个个晦涩抽象的概念。本书共22章，包括操作符、控制执行流程、访问权限控制、复用类、多态、接口、通过异常处理错误、字符串、泛型、数组、容器深入研究、JavaI/O系统、枚举类型、并发以及图形化用户界面等内容。这些丰富的内容，包含了Java语言基础语法以及高级特性，适合各个层次的Java程序员阅读，同时也是高等院校讲授面向对象程序设计语言以及Java语言的好教材和参考书。

《疯狂Java讲义》

ISBN：86

作者：李刚

出版：电子工业出版社

《疯狂Java讲义（第4版）》深入介绍了Java编程的相关方面，《疯狂Java讲义（第4版）》内容覆盖了Java的基本语法结构、Java的面向对象特征、Java**框架体系、Java泛型、异常处理、JavaGUI编程、JDBC数据库编程、Java注释、Java的IO流体系、Java多线程编程、Java网络通信编程和Java反射机制。覆盖了java.lang、java.util、java.text、java.io和java.nio、java.sql、java.awt、javax.swing包下绝大部分类和接口。本书重点介绍了Java9的模块化系统，还详细介绍了Java9的jshell工具、多版本JAR包、匿名内部类的菱形语法、增强的try语句、私有接口方法，以及Java9新增的各种API功能。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"编程是编定程序的中文简称，就是让计算机代码解决某个问题，对某个计算体系规定一定的运算方式，使计算体系按照该计算方式运行，并最终得到相应结果的过程","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。编程能提高逻辑思维能力，加强计算能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WceadiusyoyOwaxoNSsceBGjnVd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"编程语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Oqa2diWSioCqoexAhV7cd5qbnLd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Python","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYCIdicsYoyiUgx6drTcXYVMn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Python是一种面向对象有着代码简洁、可读性强特点的解释型计算机程序设计语言。代码简洁是因为它把许多的复杂的操作封装起来，将C语言中麻烦的指针和内存管理对开发者隐藏起来，使得在开发过程中，无须在意这部分的细节。另外Python这门语言强制用户用缩进进行排版，若不好好排版，则代码编译无法通过，或者运行过程会出现错误。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeiEdQ4GAoc8Koxm6Oucd3MonOb"},,"attrs":{"height":701,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"Python","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aeaa7bc4124bd69b6417ea","width":1563},"text":"","id":"DSA6demiCo8YmgxGYDmcdbmenQf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"C语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RKKodkW2Wo0muoxaYdScS9gDnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"C语言是一门面向过程的、抽象化的广泛应用于底层开发的通用程序设计语言，能以简易的方式编译和处理低级存储器。C语言既具有高级语言的特点，又具有汇编语言的特点，是仅产生少量机器语言以及不需要任何运行环境支持便能运行的高效率程序设计语言。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WkgAdki6koYcsSxzF93csMeynCk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是有简洁的语言、具有结构化的控制语句、丰富的数据类型、丰富的运算符、可对物理地址进行直接操作、代码具有较好的可移植性、可生成高质量、目标代码执行效率高的程序。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FkCQdiC**o40iqxg7ujcPBy9nHe"},,"attrs":{"height":806,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"C语言","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ffaea4a29e7119f20a7f","width":1603},"text":"","id":"ME8ad6QuAoiWo2xe8zCc3gXrnog"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Java","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FWK8d2GSUoMME2xUxHzc8kMYnQR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Java通过面向作为静态对象的编程语言的代表，可以充分的实现面向的对象理论的编程语言，有简单性、功能强大、分布式、健壮性、安全性、平**立与可移植性、多线程及动态性的特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TeIod6souoE4EkxgjEfcOZkLnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Java支持在网络上应用，Java既支持各种层次的网络连接，又以Socket类支持可靠的流（stream）网络连接，它是分布式语言。所以用户可以产生分布式的客户机和服务器。网络变成软件应用的分布运载工具。Java程序只要编写一次，就可到处运行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Te4udsisCoK44gxMpuPcDy11nfd"},,"attrs":{"height":839,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"Java","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0ebe54be393b49dc2e2ac7b80","width":1893},"text":"","id":"SUW6d0aw2oskC4x2FMSc3WhNnRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"PHP","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ic6kdo08aoY4GuxeY6Qc3Z8nnNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"PHP是一种被广泛应用的开放源代码的多用途脚本语言，它可嵌入到HTML中，尤其适合web开发。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IwQ8dKQCeoGAmixqM7BcXdgUnAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用PHP的最大的好处是它对于初学者来说极其简单，同时也给专业的程序员提供了各种高级的特性，只需几个小时就可以自己写一些简单的脚本。尽管PHP的开发是以服务端脚本为目的，但事实上其功能远不局限于此。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DW0Odakc6ouW6Kxu6kPcdPF3nZd"},,"attrs":{"height":648,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PHP","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/300a2e3c7e954e7b8defc3f3673","width":1828},"text":"","id":"Naq2duscgogQ2oxYjg2cosy1nEe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"GO","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CwWwdCYeAoMuMuxCiNpcqJKpnRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Go语言（又称Golang）是一种静态强类型、编译型语言，是一个开源编程环境，可以轻松构建简单、可靠和高效的软件。Go语言语法与C相近，但功能上有：内存安全，GC（垃圾回收），结构形态及CSP-style并发计算。Go内嵌了关联数组（也称为哈希表（Hashes）或字典（Dictionaries）），就像字符串类型一样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIY6dO8ecoGoOOxmUVPcViIAnxb"},,"attrs":{"height":772,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"GO","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a879bbdd4b64d2b9b54d3f7358e7**3","width":1522},"text":"","id":"GuiUdc6UCoKUWGxaCogc2jcrnFe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"对比","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EGqmdKMsGogUeexukQ5cA2wTnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"python和c语言的区别主要体现在：语言类型、内存管理、速度、应用、运行、对象、声明、测试和调试难度、复杂度、学习程度。测试和调试难度不同：Python相对其他语言而言是非常简单的语言，高度集成，代码量少。Python中的测试和调试更容易；C中测试和调试更难。学习难度不同：Python：Python程序更易于学习，编写和阅读；C语言：C程序语法比Python更难。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HEyKduA4Iow6Kwx8ZiCcPQaVnHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"python跟java一样是强类型语言，也就是说它不会根据环境变化自动改变数据类型。python是动态语言，而java是静态语言。也就是说python在编程时，永远不用给任何变量指定数据类型，而java写程序时必须声明所有变量的数据类型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6yAdOUQqoQSIYxs7XVcPwlSnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"python的模块类似于java的class，不过python模块导入会执行代码的内容，而java不会。python与java的执行方式还是蛮像的，都是将源码编译成bytecode然后交给相应的虚拟机去执行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VmgOds4Ceoi0KoxGa8nc0GLDneb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Python的框架数量较少，而PHP中成熟的框架比较多；PHP是面向web的语言，而Python是多用途语言，也可以用于web开发；Python使用非常严格的缩进强制执行，使它比PHP更具可读性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MW22d02SsoU2oYxesy1cIEfsnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"t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AdobePremiere是Adobe家族的一款剪辑软件，它给我的感觉就是入门快、功能强大，无论是对于新手还是专业人士，PR在大部分情况下都是很友好的。

认识PR

Pr全称AdobePremiere，是Adobe公司开发的一款视频剪辑&编辑软件。主要用于视频采集、视频剪辑、调色、添加字幕、编辑音频、渲染输出。

Premiere提供了采集、剪辑、调色、美化音频、字幕添加、输出、DVD刻录的一整套流程，并和其他Adobe软件高效集成，使用户足以完成在编辑、制作、工作流上遇到的所有挑战，满足用户创建高质量作品的要求。

下载PR软件

Adobe官网下载

进入Adobe官网进行下载

其他下载

1、打开浏览器搜索3D溜溜网，进入官网

2、打开浏览器百度搜索3D溜溜网，进入官网，点击上面【···】三个点之后选择【软件插件】里的【羽兔网软件下载】

3、选择【常用软件】里的【视频制作】

4、向下滑，在下面找到PR2026版本的进行【软件下载】，里面还有其他版本，这里选择的是适配win7的。

PR窗口介绍

Premiere软件由菜单栏、常用工具栏、时间轴、侧边面板栏（组件窗口）组成。主工作区有素材（项目）管理窗口、素材预览窗口、视频监视器窗口、时间轴窗口、调音台窗口、调色窗口等。

菜单栏

菜单栏可以说是整个软件的功能导图，为软件中大多数功能提供了菜单入口，例如PR软件中的绝大多数功能在对应的菜单栏中都可以找到。

功能窗口切换区域:(组件、编辑、颜色、效果、音频、字幕、库......)

功能窗口切换区域是软件为剪辑、调色、音频、字幕等不同功能定义的界面布局方案。点击对应的功能，软件会自动切换到使用该功能时的界面布局。

源素材预览窗口

源窗口主要是为项目面板中素材(视频、音频、图片)提供实时预览，双击项目面板中的素材即可在源窗口中进行播放预览。

节目监视窗口

节目窗口主要用于监视时间线上剪辑的画面，可以实时播放。

项目面板

项目面板主要是用于项目及素材的管理，我们导入到软件中的素材及新建的序列、字幕等素材全部都存放在项目面板中。

时间线窗口

时间线窗口可以简单理解为剪辑工作台，我们对素材的剪辑工作全部都是在时间线面板中操作完成。时间线窗口又可分为视频轨道和音频轨道。

工具栏

工具栏**了所有视频剪辑工具，当然有一些是辅助剪辑工具。

选择工具（快捷键：V）

顾名思义，它的作用就是用来选择东西的，不过在有的时候它也会变为其它的形状，作用也随之改变。

向前选择轨道工具（快捷键：A）

使用此工具可以选择该轨道上以后的所有素材，视音频链接在一起的则音频同时也被选中；按住Shift键可以变为多轨道选择工具，此时单头变为双头，即使是单独的声音（比如音效、音乐等）也会被同时选中。

波纹编辑工具（快捷键：B）

使用此工具可以改变一段素材的入点和出点，这段素材后面的会自动吸附上去，总长度发生改变。

剃刀工具（快捷键：C）

pr中导入素材之后，利用剃刀工具切割开视频，视频就分开为多段了，可以分别剪辑切割后的每一段视频，包括删除、添加效果等。

外滑工具（快捷键：U）

作用于一段素材，用来同时改变此段素材的入点和出点。

钢笔工具（快捷键：P）

这个工具和字幕中的钢笔工具是一样，主要用来绘制形状。选中此工具，在需要的位置点击一下确定起点，直接点其它位置可以绘制直线，而在点第二个点的同时按住鼠标不放并进行拖拽可以绘制曲线；它还有一个作用就是进行关键帧的选择。

手形工具（快捷键：H）

点击鼠标左键，在时间轴上拖动，移动时间轴上显示素材的位置。当程序监视器放大时。拖放程序监视器中的可移动显示区域以观察细节。

文字工具（快捷键：T）

文字工具即在画面中输入我们想要的文字。

效果面板

效果面板**了很多视频和音频效果控件，对视频或者音频添加模糊及转场等效果时，需要在效果面板中找到对应的效果控件然后添加到时间线上的剪辑。

效果控件面板

效果控件面板是对已经添加到素材上的效果进行参数调节的窗口。

音轨混合器窗口

对音频进行声道和音量调节的窗口，当然也可以通过这个窗口进行现场录音。

PR剪辑教程

创建项目

首先新建项目，暂存盘里的地址栏跟项目一样就可以。

新建序列

新建序列，选择1080p25，点击确定，就建立了一个时间线。

一般的剪辑软件里边都有现成的预设，只要知道这个尺寸就行，高清格式选择1080P或者720P都行。

导入素材

在项目列表双击，找到我们的素材，按住shift一块儿导入，导入之后可以对素材进行分类，让我们可以看的更仔细一些。（养成一个好的分类习惯，有助于提高我们工程的有趣性和效率，以后打包工程的整理都非常的有好处）。

拖入时间线

素材分类好之后，把视频音频素材按住shift一起都拖拽到时间线里。

设置比例

发现视频素材的大小不一，我们调整视频整体比例大小。找到信息，看见比例为640*360，在我们新建的时候不是这个比例，我们在序列里进行更改设置为640*360，这样时间线就跟我们相匹配了。

编辑视频

导入素材之后，我们开始对视频进行剪辑。

添加效果

添加效果，让视频看起来更流畅。

添加字幕

添加结尾字幕。

导出

剪辑完成，导出成品。

PR导出格式一般用MOV、mp4、**I等等。PR输出视频的时候，要求不一样，输出的格式的就不一样。因为没有统一的标准，要根据需求和目的才能定什么是合适的。

1、如果想输出文件后继续进行编辑，一般推荐输出MOV。

2、如果输出文件后直接就要观看，或传到视频网站。推荐输出H.264，即mp4。

3、如果输出文件给电视台标清播出，就输出**I格式。

成品

下面这张是成品

这里用的是PR2026版本

PR基础快捷键

1、按i可以设置入点，O可以设置出点。

2、Shift+delete键可以删除视频同时，把视频之间的间隙去掉；Ctrl+Z撤销。

3、向前选择轨道工具（A）和链接选择项的结合使用可以删除选择点后面的视频和音频

4、向前选择轨道工具（A）和取消链接选择项的结合使用按shift键可单独删除视频，保留音频。

5、按Q键可删除剪辑的开始，按W键可删除剪辑的结尾，但是它们会从每个音轨中删除内容，如果有多层音轨，这个快捷键就不适用，可以通过锁定音频轨道来避免音频被删除。

6、按光标键→，按一下前进一帧，按Shift键+光标键，一下会前进5帧。

7、alt+拖动素材=**

常用的快捷键如下：

注：如果自己不适应默认的快捷键可以在PR界面快捷键设置修改，步骤如下：

打开快捷键界面有两种方法：第一种方法，打开PR后，在菜单栏找到编辑选项下的快捷键菜单，单击后就会弹出设置界面。第二种方法，打开PR后，我们直接使用快捷键Ctrl+Alt+K后，也会弹出设置界面。

打开快捷键界面后在搜索框里我们直接输入想要添加的快捷键功能，然后在空白处单击鼠标，就会产生一个框，按下要设置的快捷键，最后点击确定保存设置，这样就快捷键就设置好了。

PR视频特效

添加滤镜

首先就是滤镜的位置是在左下角的【效果】选项里面，如下图箭头指向所示：

里面的滤镜很多，可以选择自己喜欢的滤镜进行使用，如下图箭头指向所示：

然后，我们直接将滤镜拖拽到素材身上就可以进行使用了，如下图箭头指向所示：

调整滤镜的内部可调节参数，素材的效果就能实时预览。点击前面的【FX】可以进行滤镜效果的开启以及关闭，如下图箭头指向所示：

效果里面，除了视频滤镜，还有音频滤镜以及各种转场可用，如下图箭头指向所示：

添加字幕

在工具栏，点击文字工具；

使用文字工具点击视频，在文字框中输入字幕，就添加字幕成功了。

视频的删减

导入完素材之后我们将素材拖到右边，便能对视频素材进行编辑了（点击播放按钮可预览）。接下来我们讲一下视频内容的删减。

比如说：我们觉得某一段内容不好，想把它删掉，那么该怎么办呢？在PR中我们有两种方法：

1、选择左侧工具栏的刻刀工具，在想要删去内容的两头进行点击，然后即可将商品分割成三段，可从中选择自己不想要的内容；

2、直接从末尾拖动即可（只能对开头或末尾内容进行删减）。

视频的倍速播放

视频的倍速播放在PR中很容易就能实现了：右键-速度/持续时间。选择速度（百分比，如200%就是两倍速），点击【倒放速度】就能倒放了。

音乐淡出效果

添加音乐的方法和添加视频的方法一样，导入以后拖动到右边就可以了。删减运用上述方法也是可以完成的。

音乐淡出的效果：

添加完音频后，拉开轨道，点击左下的小按钮，选择：轨道关键帧-音量；

选择：添加-移除关键帧按钮，在想要淡入、淡出的地方添加关键帧，即可对音量进行修改，完成淡入、淡出的效果；

如果你是第一次使用PR并且佩戴耳机的话，要到PR的【编辑】-【首选项】-【音频硬件】里的【默认输出】修改输出设备为：耳机。

音效增益

打开PR软件，将音频导入进去，拖到右下方的【时间轴】操作区；

右击鼠标，点击音轨，在出现的选项中点击【音频增益】；

在【音频增益】页面，选择【将增益设置为】；

输入合适的音频值，负数表示减少，完成后点击【确定】。

视频转场

首先打开电脑上的PR，打开项目文件后，选择右侧的【效果】面板，效果面板中有音频效果、音频过渡，视频效果、视频过渡；

鼠标点开【视频过渡】，其中有7类转场特效，我们这里点击进入【溶解】，选择【溶解】下的【交叉溶解】；

选择【交叉溶解】拖动到视频上，可以看到我们可以将转场放置到视频末尾，视频开头或两段视频中间，这里选择【视频中间】；

插入完成后我们双击此转场，进入【设置过渡持续时间】，拖动蓝色字体即可增加或减少时间。

成品：

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"text","text":"注：如果自己不适应默认的快捷键可以在","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"界面快捷键设置修改，步骤如下：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0IoogSg4KmAiSwAUjCoB6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开快捷键界面有两种方法：第一种方法，打开","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"后，在菜单栏找到编辑选项下的快捷键菜单，单击后就会弹出设置界面。第二种方法，打开PR后，我们直接使用快捷键Ctrl+Alt+K后，也会弹出设置界面","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmE8gQEcESwcaOsVIb2KNyc"},,"attrs":{"height":1013,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"基础快捷键","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/76cfdeb4aeb9cec5d4c5af","width":1889},"text":"","id":"doxcn8WU68WuCgegUw95zwxC74c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开快捷键界面后在搜索框里我们直接输入想要添加的快捷键功能，然后在空白处单击鼠标，就会产生一个框，按下要设置的快捷键，最后点击确定保存设置，这样就快捷键就设置好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2sI2ays2C82CyY9ZEtLplh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"PR视频特效","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKss2W**gGAyqglCfF5Ay5Y"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"添加滤镜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngGyEQsy0oWYCSHLOLZhKq6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先就是滤镜的位置是在左下角的【效果】选项里面，如下图箭头指向所示：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk0Aygq2ouuiKKgup0xoU3e"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"添加滤镜","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bb23c6459caff5c263fcf","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnKA2WW2AuOOWEi6tc2KllJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"里面的滤镜很多，可以选择自己喜欢的滤镜进行使用，如下图箭头指向所示：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE4e8qyUAY**eiQThJV1Yne"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"添加滤镜","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4a67e17aca5fc8eb9f","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnYkay6yQKQyKm4a8ayDNQAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后，我们直接将滤镜拖拽到素材身上就可以进行使用了，如下图箭头指向所示：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWiI8yIkKA4wqUPtTRzyBOh"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"添加滤镜","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/84e30cbb4a2d738c6dd28e4ef","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnSAssKawKoCMCszoddbGvZg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调整滤镜的内部可调节参数，素材的效果就能实时预览。点击前面的【FX】可以进行滤镜效果的开启以及关闭，如下图箭头指向所示：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGykOGkS0cgQKOolX4pyTdg"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"添加滤镜","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/663f18bdcbe5dc73d28eb2436","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnkiawiQmaimmSa0CzvCBWBg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"效果里面，除了视频滤镜，还有音频滤镜以及各种转场可用，如下图箭头指向所示：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnegGIGWqaQAuYCs6fSYWpZc"},,"attrs":{"height":357,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"添加滤镜","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6871f0ad349c4c488ab7ee","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnoOU4wi8cSm60SQEj9cj0Yd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"添加字幕","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0Gs8CWiIcu0wYDPMo3NlIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在工具栏，点击文字工具","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnukksIAEauYiAM7i4I4XBDd"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"添加字幕","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/92b49d8de5c04e27a57e305**b7","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnMqKWkuuiwoauaYd4U2ViYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用文字工具点击视频，在文字框中输入字幕，就添加字幕成功了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMESgYciUagAIymARggiZrh"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"添加字幕","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/30f9faa4bf5b64dc6f277e395fb","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnuaOmg4CUG2kuGOGZHozSXc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"视频的删减","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4EQiAEQEWOYIUfxocM8LOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"导入完素材之后我们将素材拖到右边，便能对视频素材进行编辑了（点击播放按钮可预览）。接下来我们讲一下视频内容的删减。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny2s2YyyGWEoS6RNHYG0uMb"},,"attrs":{"height":1655,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频的删减","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9c9fabad5aa0d6f","width":2736},"text":"","id":"doxcnSC0SKeyYwaiCcHCUDURHQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如说：我们觉得某一段内容不好，想把它删掉，那么该怎么办呢？在P","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"R","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"中我们有两种方法：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnawoQacWYm6qAW**WlOkLof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、选择左侧工具栏的刻刀工具，在想要删去内容的两头进行点击，然后即可将商品分割成三段，可从中选择自己不想要的内容","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKi8MUmqyIuioAnYUH03S3e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、直接从末尾拖动即可（只能对开头或末尾内容进行删减）","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkgSOmkUgo6KUMpgJhMn03Z"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":639,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频的删减","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain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转场","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62da70f7fc8b611e9a8892b2cbc","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn4qiuQIqqUSCkeoVcRVlIoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼠标点开【视频过渡】，其中有7类转场特效，我们这里点击进入","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【溶解】，选择【溶解】下的【交叉溶解】","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwM8K6A2siQKaugsk6Vb7Lc"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频转场","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ecaafb20c40c87d59c","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn48oGWGW2ai6ACIwKKf4lOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择【交叉溶解】拖动到视频上，可以看到我们可以将转场放置到视频末尾，视频开头或两段视频中间，这里选择【视频中间】；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno6ec4cC6ows**XKytUtaBW"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频转场","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/**3415bab2bdbb253cd7fc6f68","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnCaoocAM8q4uoEt2HiFTZId"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"插入完成后我们双击此转场，进入【设置过渡持续时间】，拖动蓝色字体即可增加或减少时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSsi4oUGWcoOCYDAouBTKkc"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频转场","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0e79a41dc92d82e7d4e82c1de","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn6mg2WQOg0uy2K0PegxzHwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"成品：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI8oosUKcm8iSWyYQYc4JIe"},,"attrs":{"height":598,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频转场","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/889c3c03fba94f388d263fcff4e7b44f","width":898},"text":"","id":"doxcnMQa8QmoWa6IOQbFSZaTPtc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAMa8S486maiWEH5jMoxgne"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

拓展好文：杀菌剂PNT550

　　杀菌剂PNT550产品说明书

　　

　　◇产品特点

　　1.PNT550为浓缩型杀菌剂, 对藻类、真菌、细菌均能有效控制和杀灭；

　　2.PNT550适用于较宽的PH值范围，甚至在碱性系统中仍保持较高的稳定性；

　　3.PNT550使用浓度低药效持续时间长；

　　4.PNT550可与大多数阻垢分散剂配伍；

　　5.PNT550无表面活性成分，不产生泡沫；

　　6.PNT550毒性低，易降解，长期使用不会造成环境危害。

　　

　　◇产品特性

　　外观 ：黄绿色液体

　　气味 ：轻微

　　pH（原液) ：2.8&plu**n;0.5

　　比重(20℃) ：1.3&plu**n;0.02

　　

　　◇使用说明

　　加药点：为了达到最大效能，建议将PNT550药剂在补水点连续添加或间歇添加。。

　　加药量：所需要的加药量需根据个别装置操作条件确定，要根据进水微生物种类、微生物含量、系统运行参数等条件而计算出一个适合的加药量，一般推荐加药量2-10mg/L。

　　稀释：PNT550可以直接加入或稀释使用。稀释要使用系统补水或脱盐水，建议在常温下稀释不超过100倍。

　　请询问当地的丰信业务代表，针对您的系统条件来决定加药点及加药量，在某些系统中，特定的加药点及加药量注入设备是必须的。

　　特别说明：PNT550有**性气味且对皮肤有腐蚀性，使用时必须戴橡皮手套和防护眼镜和口罩。

　　

　　◇包装

　　产品包装形式为25KG/桶。

　　

　　◇保存期